These results indicate that reward-induced motivation reduces the interference effect of task-irrelevant emotional information, leading to better conflict resolution.Continuously prioritizing behaviourally relevant information from the environment for improved stimulus processing is a crucial function of attention. In the current MEG study, we investigated how ongoing oscillatory activity of both sensory and non-sensory brain regions are differentially impacted by attentional focus. Low-frequency phase alignment of neural activity in primary sensory areas, with respect to attended/ignored features has been suggested to support top-down prioritization. However, phase adjustment in frontoparietal regions has not been widely studied, despite general implication of these in top-down selection of information. To investigate this, we let participants perform an established intermodal selective attention task, where low-frequency auditory (1.6 Hz) and visual (1.8 Hz) stimuli were presented simultaneously. We instructed them to either attend to the auditory or to the visual stimuli and to detect targets while ignoring the other stimulus stream. As expected, the strongest phase adon. Overall, our study complements and extends previous work by showing a differential effect of attentional focus on entrained oscillations (or phase adjustment) in primary sensory areas and frontoparietal areas.The challenges of soil degradation and climate change have led to the emergence of Conservation Agriculture (CA) as a sustainable alternative to tillage-based agriculture systems. Despite the recognition of positive impacts on soil health, CA adoption in Africa has remained low. Previous soil health studies have mainly focused on 'scientific' measurements, without consideration of local knowledge, which influences how farmers interpret CA impacts and future land management decisions. This study, based in Malawi, aims to 1) combine local knowledge and conventional soil science approaches to develop a contextualised understanding of the impact of CA on soil health; and 2) understand how an integrated approach can contribute to explaining farmer decision-making on land management. Key farmers' indicators of soil health were crop performance, soil consistence, moisture content, erosion, colour, and structure. These local indicators were consistent with conventional soil health indicators. By combining farmers' obted soil assessment framework developed in this study can be applied more widely in understanding the role of soil health in farmer-decision making, providing a learning process for downscaling technologies and widening the evidence base on sustainable land management practices.This study compared light and dark disinfection of faecal bacteria/viral indicator organisms (E. coli and MS2 (fRNA) bacteriophage) and human viruses (Echovirus and Norovirus) in Wastewater Treatment Pond (WTP) mesocosms. Stirred pond mesocosms were operated in either outdoor sunlight-exposed or laboratory dark conditions in two experiments during the austral summer. To investigate wavelength-dependence of sunlight disinfection, three optical filters were used (1) polyethylene film (light control transmitting all solar UV and visible wavelengths), (2) acrylic (removing most UVB 5-log E. coli and MS2 phage removal (from ~1.0 × 106 to less then 1 PFU/mL) within 3 h compared with up to 6 h in UV-filtered mesocosms. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/VX-680(MK-0457).html This result confirms that UVB contributes to inactivation of E. coli and viruses by direct sunlight inactivation. However, the very high attenuation with depth of UVB in WTP water (99% removal in the top 8 cm) suggests that UVB disinfection may be less important than other removal processes averaged over time and full-scale pond depth. Dark removal was appreciably slower than sunlight-mediated inactivation. The dark control typically achieved higher removal of E. coli and viruses than the 0.22 μm filtered (dark) mesocosms. This result suggests that adsorption of E. coli and viruses to WTP particles (e.g., algae and bacteria bio-flocs) is an important mechanism of dark disinfection, while bacteria and virus characteristics (e.g. surface charge) and environmental conditions can influence dark disinfection processes.With the shortage of water resources becoming a global concern, the water conservation function has become one of the most important service functions and the key factor in the sustainable development of watershed ecosystem. The Danjiang River Basin as an important source of water for the middle route of China's South-to-North Water Diversion Project, its water conservation function has attracted extensive public attention under global climate change. In this study, InVEST water yield model based on Budyko hydrological method was employed to analyze the spatio-temporal dynamics of water conservation, and the response of water conservation to climate, land use and soil changes for the period from 2000 to 2019. The results show that the water conservation of Danjiang River Basin tends to decrease under the comprehensive influence of various factors. The spatial analysis of the importance of water conservation identified Shangnan County, the southern part of Danfeng County and the northern part of Shanyang County as important water conservation areas in the study area, which should be regarded as the key and priority protection areas in the regional water resource and ecological protection. The study provides insights for sustainable water management and ecological protection policies, and the InVEST model with localized parameters can also be applied to other areas lacking climate, hydrological and geological data.Carbon label is an important tool for countries to achieve green economy in the context of global climate change. Since the public is the end consumer of carbon-labeled products, understanding their attitudes towards carbon label is crucial for the future development of carbon labeling system. Under this background, we conduct a survey on consumers' perception of carbon-labeled electrical and electronic products (CEP) in Chinese first-tier cities. Consumers' premium willingness to pay (WTP) for CEP and its influencing factors are explored. After correcting the possible estimation bias by a sample selection model, we find that 85.97% of respondents are willing to pay more for carbon-labeled products. Besides, males, respondents who are younger or richer, or with underage children at home are more willing to pay a premium for carbon-labeled products. The degree of trust and understanding of carbon label also has a positive impact on the premium WTP. As for the specific value of premium WTP, an additional 7.85% of the original price for CEP is willing to be paid.